Back when railways were first invented, they used to avoid
      this by simple systems such as an Iron Ring or other 
:
      Driving without the token was an offence, perhaps a sacking
      or criminal offence ? 
      
I commented to LK (another systems engineer): Another
      single track, head on train collision, that a couple of smart
      phones with GPS & SIM for SMS [to optional server] could
      have stopped!
       Replies from LK:
      
        Aircraft have had TCAS (Traffic collision avoidance
        system) for years, almost the same system could be
        used.
        I wouldn't rely on the mobile network, 13, 27 or 41 MHz
        license free bands would be suitable. Works around corners
        at those frequencies, easily reach a mile, simply listen
        and blind transmit when there's a gap in received
        transmissions, but use a pseudo random delay before
        transmission, to reduce collisions. Maybe an argument could
        be made for 2.4GHz semi directional transmissions from the
        front and rear of each train in order to provide more
        frequent transmissions of data.
        Amount of data transmitted would be minimal, but it
        would be nice to transmit as often as possible. Each line
        would require an ID, say 6 digit, single or 2 digit
        direction, 3 digit speed, latitude and longitude (not sure
        how many bytes would be required for these).
        
        Would not conform to safety critical issues, but all
        that is supposed to exist already yet we still see
        accidents! It would add another level of safety over and
        above existing human over-rideable systems.
        I wonder whether a passive radar based emergency brake
        system would also be useful. It would need to have GPS and
        a memorised map to know where are the corners and in areas
        with points, the points states would be useful. Otherwise
        false braking could occur near points. This would ideally
        be required on my other concept. L